Tales of a Childhood Pyromaniac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tales of a Childhood Pyromaniac - Essay Example . My grandmother was a careful lady. As far as I know she had never been in a traffic accident, gone through a divorce, or suffered from identity theft. She was just as careful when we were burning leaves. She would make me wait until the wind was absolutely still. I would sit by the pile watching the weather and waiting for the calm of late afternoon. When the wind would stop I'd go get my grandmother and she would always ask, "Is it as still as a sinner in church". She would get her old silver lighter and head out to the backyard. Grandma always let me light the first leaves. She would break out an antique Zippo lighter and hand it to me. I would struggle with it as I lit one corner of the pile. The sparks would fly like fireworks, the wick would ignite, and the leaves would succumb to the flames. Lighter fluid would seep from the lighter and leave my hands smelling like a used car part. With the scent of the fluid filling my head I would hand the lighter back to my grandmother and she would finish lighting the pile. The flames roared as my grandmother made sure I kept a safe distance. Even from afar, the heat would embrace my young face. I would imagine that the fire was a distant sun and I was a distant planet. Here, in my own world, I could find the warmth and comfort of a familiar face and a familiar place.

Paramedic Professionals Essay Example for Free

Paramedic Professionals Essay Although paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers, they are not classified as health care professionals, therefore, working independently from these organisations and autonomously within their own state ambulance organisations. Through exploring the evolution of paramedic practice and their role as a health care provider, the current status of paramedics as a semi profession is explained along with what further development is needed before they become a recognised profession. In understanding how paramedics work autonomously within their own state based organisations, the concept of scope of practice and evidence based practice is explored. Finally by discussing how paramedics are independent, we establish paramedics’ role and position within the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a health care professional At present in Australia, paramedics are not classified as registered health care professionals. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are widely regarded as semi-professionals with the potential to become a fully recognised profession in the near future. The definition of profession and the guidelines to become a recognised profession are not black and white. Professions Australia defined a profession as ‘a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards and who possess special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) describes 4 key elements that are essential for the process of professionalization. These include; the implementation of a unified code of ethics and regulations, attaining professional licencing, registration and accreditation, the establishment of university study and education and the development of full-time occupation and formation of occupational territory. Over the past 20 years the roles of paramedics have changed rapidly, with changes still occurring at the present. Paramedics have transitioned from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as ambulance officers, to todays’ paramedics who are full time workers and are able to administer extensive pre hospital care. Along with the changes to the nature of the paramedics’ job, there has also been a significant change in the way paramedics are trained. ‘Training for paramedics has transitioned from on the job training provided by State and Territory Ambulance Services to vocational qualifications and more recently, higher education (University) sector qualifications. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These changes to higher education training and full time employment, has allowed for paramedics to move one step closer in becoming a recognised profession. A review of common professional traits suggests two main areas where the discipline falls short and it is that paramedics do not have ‘national registration and regulation resulting in professional self-control and accreditation’ and they do not nationwide qualifications that link from tertiary education to the paramedic services (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, registration in the context of health care professionals, is the process of licensing and registering clinicians to practice at a uniform national standard of care. Productivity Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration allows for consistency in education and training nationwide, and ensures paramedics work within the provisions of their scope of practice. (Council of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national university standard degree competencies or a national curriculum in relation to paramedic training. This leads to an inconsistency between the curricula taugh t to paramedic students. This is further aggravated by ambulance services as they work independently from the Australian Health care System and of the universities as well. Williams, Brown, Osman 2012) In conclusion, without the implementation of nationwide registration, licensing and education qualifications, paramedics will continue to be recognized as a semi-profession. Operating autonomously Paramedics are allied health care providers who are operating autonomously at a state level within their own ambulance services. The United States National Library of Medicine defines autonomy as the ‘decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with ones professional knowledge base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic profession this knowledge base is known as a scope of practice. Within each state based paramedic organisation, there is legislation and guidelines that outline the scope of which a certain qualified paramedic can work in. Scope of practice refers to ‘the extent to w hich providers may render Health care services and the extent they may do so independently and the type of diseases, ailments, and injuries a health care provider may address and what procedures and medication they can provide. ’ (Prats ;amp; Katz 2012: 13) For example, in Queensland, whilst out on road paramedics have the freedom to make their own decisions and judgments based on their knowledge, as long as it is legal in the legislation of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and within the scope of practice of the paramedics qualifications. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics gain further knowledge and undergo more training, the scope of practice of this paramedic will increase. The larger the scope of practice, the more autonomously the paramedic is able to operate. Currently in Queensland there has been an increased awareness of poorer patient outcomes and difficulties in accessing medical help in rural and remote areas. (Horizon 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an attempt to increase positive patient outcomes, expanded scope roles have been introduced into the Australian Health Care System, allowing certain paramedics to apply skills and protocols for which they were not originally trained. (Sterling, Pedler, Walker 2007) This increases the paramedics’ autonomy within their field which allows them to work for better patient outcomes. Paramedics are also highly autonomous as they frequently use evidence based practice as a means of new research and technique. In the pre hospital care environment, ‘rather than making decisions about practice actions based on routine and traditionally taught methods, paramedics use evidence identified from well-constructed studies as a basis for the clinical decisions and behaviours. ’ (Curtis ;amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice occurs through ‘integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (Sackett ;amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can only occur when an individual is given autonomy within their field of work. In conclusion, as paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, paramedics are autonomous within a state level. Operating independently within The Australian Health Care System Although paramedics work alon g-side the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are independent of this system. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 defines independent as being ‘not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. Paramedics are governed by their own state based organisations and are separate and independent of the hospitals and the Australian Health Care System. When dealing with any misconduct or inquiries, unlike nurses and doctors whose governing power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based organisation. In conclusion, even though the paramedics work in conjunction with other health care providers both in and out of the hospital setting, paramedics governance is independent of other health care services and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009) Conclusion: In conclusion paramedics are autonomous and independent health care providers who work along-side the Australian Health Care system. Alth ough paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers in both the in and out of hospital care environment, they are not classified as health care professionals. But with the implementation of nationwide curricula and ethical standards, paramedics can move from a semi profession to fully recognised profession. Paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, making paramedics autonomous within a state level. Through the broadening of paramedics’ scope of practice in certain environment such as rural areas and through the use of evidence based practice we see efforts to increase positive patient outcomes. Finally, paramedics are independent from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-governed by their own state based organisations.

Essay --

Gasoline and diesel fuels form the back bone of the present road transport. The internal combustion engine is being used in vehicles for the past 100 years approximately. But the problem with the engines is the limitation of fossil fuel reserves and the emissions of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. These fossil fuels generate emissions of pollutants such as PM, Nox and CO which are hazardous to the human being. It is the need of the hour to vouch for other renewable energy sources to overcome the energy crisis and to achieve decarburisation, energy security and cleaner air to breathe. Fuel cells are the devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy without the emissions of harmful exhaust gases.. This paper summarizes the configuration of the fuel cell hybrid vehicle. It briefly describes the function of each component and the losses occuring in each component. Fuel cells are the most quiet and reliable as they have no moving parts. The efficiency is about twice that of the internal combustion engine. [2]. There is no Carnot limitation as in case of IC engine. The most commonly used fuel cell is hydrogen fuel cell in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Hydrogen is a clean burning fuel. The exhaust is pure water. The combination of a fuel cell with a battery is studied in this paper. The hybridization of the fuel cell helps in reducing the size of the fuel cell and its initial cost but it increases the vehicle complexity, weight and the battery cost. At higher loads and greater acceleration, the battery provides surplus power and increases the fuel cell efficiency. At low loads the fuel cell is used to provide the required power. The battery is also used for the start up of the vehicle ... ...es by 2030. The cost of FCHEVs and BEVs are not largely affected by the changes in electricity costs, but the ICE and FCEV costs are greatly affected by the fuel cost. This occurs partially due to the different powertrain efficiencies. Comparing the overall lifecycle costs, it can be observed that FCHEVs and BEVs are cheaper as compared to FCEVs and ICEs. But the FCHEVs and BEVs are sensitive to the overall capital and running costs. For instance, the BEVs in particular are sensitive to battery size. The lifecycle costs of ICEs and BEVs are about 1.75 times higher than that of the FCHEVs and the BEVs. There are several challenges that are to be met in the near future for the FCHEVs to achieve commercialization, reliability, cost effectiveness and performance. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles can definitely be the clean technology used in the future of automotive engines.

Film about “Cleopatra” Essay

Cleopatra is depicted as a strikingly beautiful, loyal but manipulative temptress, oozing femininity as she seduces the two most powerful men in Egypt, Marc Antony and Julius Caesar. A question this raises is, was she an insecure Queen who felt that she needed a more powerful man to help secure her place on the throne of her beloved Egypt, rather than lose it to one of them? As shown in the 2005 TV production ‘Rome’ Cleopatra is seen wanting to get pregnant by Caesar to secure her position, but in the end she didn’t have any qualms if someone else fathered the child, she would pass it off as Caesar’s. Cleopatra is shown on film as an almost caring being and an intelligent woman. In the 1934 production, Cleopatra tells Antony as she kisses his hand â€Å"I am no longer Queen, I am a woman.† This suggests that in that particular moment, she is allowing her emotions to rule, perhaps even going as far to say that as a Queen she is quite a stony and hard character, but as an ordinary woman, she is allowing herself to love. In the 1963 film, Cleopatra speaks of â€Å"One World, one nation, living in peace.† This again shows her caring nature that she wants the world to live in harmony. In real life, this could be a rather obvious reference to the UN and stopping war. Again, in the 1963 production, a rather sexist remark is made about Cleopatra â€Å"If she wasn’t a woman, one might think she’s an intellect.† This Roman depiction shows Cleopatra to be a clever and smart Queen, but as she is female, she is not given full credit. In most TV and film productions of Cleopatra, she is seen as a beautiful ‘Goddess’ with lashings of make up and dressed in extravagant costumes and jewellery to show her wealth. This portrayal of her makes her look almost high maintenance and authoritative. However, the Roman coins, which reveal her portrait, decipher Cleopatra as less of a beauty but almost hag like. As these coins are the only piece of history that show what Cleopatra may have looked like, I think it is a case that this is one depiction that has been glamorised by TV and film. Throughout the years as various productions have been filmed, the actresses playing Cleopatra have changed in appearance e.g. their ethnicity, which may show a change in how society sees her. This shows how the world has changed by allowing more ethnic groups into the world of  acting. TV and film seem to develop the depictions of Cleopatra to fit in with the world in which we live at the time of which the production was made. It would appear that the Roman depictions of Cleopatra seem accurate in terms of her character, wealth and extravagant lifestyle but not her looks, as this is the only inconsistency against the historical artefacts we have. As time and society change, we may never know the true identity of Cleopatra.

Psychology Behind Sex, Porn And Intimacy Essay

If I may ask, does your boyfriend or husband love to watch porn? Does his behavior affect your sex life in whichever way? Several studies have indicated that quite a good number of men watch pornographic videos for one reason or the other (Bowring, 2005). Several women who attend psychotherapy sessions have been complaining about their partners watching porn, which has led to a change in their habits and demands. Most of the women reported that their partners have lowered libido and others have lost interest in sex and intimacy. However, the reports have not been one-sided, as some couples still manage to enjoy marriage even though the husband loves to watch pornographic videos. On their side, men who watch porn have a reason for doing so as they say watching porn is harmless but rather resourceful. In his, book â€Å"Watching Sex: How do men really respond to pornography,† David shares that some of the reasons men watch porn movies include curiosity, play of fantasy, pleasure of surrender, among others. There are a few problems associated with watching porn videos, issues which threaten to derail or tear apart the noble institution of marriage. Men who are avid lovers of porn have been reported to be less intimate during sex. When they are supposed to caress their partners or do foreplay prior to making love, they fail to do so. The resultant effect is non-gratifying sexual intercourse. Their mindset is that the woman is needs little stimulation to get aroused, a common feature with most porn movies. The second problem that men suffer from is fixation. According to Mark Bnschick, M.D in The Intelligent Divorce project, when men watch porn for so long, they form an idealized image of a perfect woman with a curvy body shape, looking sexy, stunning and random . When having sex, they derive gratification not directly from the act of doing it with their partner but by creating a mental picture of an ideal woman in terms of body shape, beauty, etc. These kind of people may even start to r esort to self-pleasuring because they never find the act of sex to be fully gratifying. When such things start to happen, the women in subject will start to feel betrayed, having self-esteem issues as well as self-questioning such as wondering whether they never satisfy their partners’ or spouses’ sexual needs (Bowring, 2005). To make the matters even worse, claims are that regular watching of porn have made men more less like rapists who are clumsy in bed, without any sense of  intimacy or attachment (Gallop, 2011). This kind of behavior is propagated by porn movies since the porn stars behave in a clumsy and commanding way. They take a dominating role during the whole process of sex or love making. The more the men watch these videos, they more they idolize the male porn stars, slowly incorporating that personality into themselves and finally into their love making moments. In his book, â€Å"The Centrefold Syndrome,† David points out that porn changes how men think. Porn stars are attractive, sexy, good looking and some have curvy body shapes. The more men watch these videos, the more they develop an urge to have a quick and thrilling sexual encounter with virtually every woman who fits the billing of a porn star. On the other hand, Journal of Applied Social Psychology observes that people, who watched porn regularly reported less sexual satisfaction, coupled with a view that their partners lack good physical appearance and have poor sexual performance. Furthermore, another study published in the â€Å"Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy,† indicates that men who watched porn videos find other people less attractive. The real image is masked by an idealized image. In his blog Good in Bed, Dr. Kemer says, â€Å"More and more women are complaining about guys who can no longer reach orgasm during sex, or seem distracted during sex†¦.† Apart from the effects of watching porn outlined above, let us now look at other factors such as oxytoxin, endorphins, hugging, cuddling and kissing along with how porn affect these vital elements needed for a satisfying relationship. Oxytoxin, commonly branded â€Å"the love hormone† plays a key role in bonding. This hormone promotes a feeli ng of warmth and attachment between two people (Banschick, 2014). On the other endorphins promotes a feel-good sensation. During sex, women secret more oxytoxin as compared to their male counterparts. This explains why women yearn for attachment and closeness after sex such as holding each other tightly, cuddling passionately, or even talking in low tones. For a woman, foreplay and arousal are as important as is sex, and are the prerequisites for intimate and orgasmic sex. Women find it so gratifying and pleasurable when a man caresses her without gently, look deeply into her eyes, whisper romantic words into her ears, play with her hair, caress he face and gently touching her ears. When these are done, they lead to the production of more endorphins and oxytoxins for bonding and a feel-good sensation. Nevertheless, take a moment and think about this, do porn actors even take  time to caress, hug and cuddle? Does oxytoxin get enough time to be secreted in abundance for bonding? The answer is NO! This is exactly where the problem starts with men ad dicted to watching porn videos. They rarely take their time to arouse their partners. They take a very short time before engaging in sexual intercourse even before their partner is ready. This leads to inability to reach a climax as well as a cause for unsatisfying sex life (Streufert, 1987). The second aspect is kissing. Kissing and intimacy are like the head and tail of a coin; irreplaceable. You cannot kiss if you are not intimate, and a good sign of intimacy is deep kissing. These two aspects are what make couples or partners to have an intimate sex and relationship. If I may ask, have you known why sex workers refrain from kissing their clients? Due to its tender, close and developing nature, kissing can turn out to be too intimate to the extent that the sex workers can find themselves falling in love (Alexander, 2011). This is why they avoid kissing at all costs, or if they do, it is only light kissing and not deep kissing. According to Sheila Gregoire, a psychotherapist, the more a man watches porn, the more the mode of gratification changes to solely stimulation, gradually excluding kissing and cuddling. I now bet you can clearly see why sex and intimacy may never be the real deal for your relationship. Men you should be careful! References Alexander, L. (2011). Putas of the Caribbean Prostitutes of the Caribbean.. Phillipsburg: AuthorHouse. Bowring, L. (2005). Searching for intimacy: pornography, the internet and the XXX factor. Milton Keynes: Authentic Media. Gallop, C. (2011). Make Love Not Porn: Technology’s Hardcore Impact on Human Behavior. New York: TED Books. Ley, D. J. (2009). Insatiable wives: women who stray and the men who love them. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. (2013). Pornography. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 37(6), 12-17. Sex, Porn, and the Challenge of Intimacy. (n.d.). Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-intelligent-divorce/201403/sex-porn-and-the-challenge-intimacy Streufert, S. (1987). Applied Social Psychology. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17(7), 605-608. Why Husbands Lose

Major General Benjamin Lincoln - American Revolution

Major General Benjamin Lincoln - American Revolution Benjamin Lincoln - Early Life: Born at Hingham, MA on January 24, 1733, Benjamin Lincoln was the son of Colonel Benjamin Lincoln and Elizabeth Thaxter Lincoln. The sixth child and first son of the family, the younger Benjamin benefited from his fathers prominent role in the colony. Working on the familys farm, he attended school locally. In 1754, Lincoln entered public service when he assumed the post of Hingham town constable. A year later, he joined the 3rd Regiment of the Suffolk County militia. His fathers regiment, Lincoln served as adjutant during the French Indian War. Though he did not see action in the conflict, he attained the rank of major by 1763. Elected a town selectman in 1765, Lincoln became increasingly critical of British policy towards the colonies. Condemning the Boston Massacre in 1770, Lincoln also encouraged Hingham residents to boycott British goods. Two years later, he earned a promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regiment and won election to the Massachusetts legislature. In 1774, following the Boston Tea Party and passage of the Intolerable Acts, the situation in Massachusetts rapidly changed. That fall, Lieutenant General Thomas Gage, who had been appointed governor by London, dissolved the colonial legislature. Not to be deterred, Lincoln and his fellow legislators reformed the body as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and continued meeting. In short order this body became the government for the entire colony except British-held Boston. Due to his militia experience, Lincoln oversaw committees on military organization and supply. Benjamin Lincoln - The American Revolution Begins: In April 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the start of the American Revolution, Lincolns role with the congress expanded as he assumed a position on its executive committee as well as its committee of safety. As the Siege of Boston commenced, he worked to direct supplies and food to the American lines outside the city. With the siege continuing, Lincoln received a promotion in January 1776 to major general in the Massachusetts militia. Following the British evacuation of Boston in March, he focused his attention on improving the colonys coastal defenses and later directed attacks against the remaining enemy warships in the harbor. Having achieved a degree of success in Massachusetts, Lincoln began pressing the colonys delegates to the Continental Congress for a suitable commission in the Continental Army. As he waited, he received a request to bring a brigade of militia south to assist General George Washingtons army at New York. Marching south in September, Lincolns men reached southwest Connecticut when they received orders from Washington to mount a raid across Long Island Sound. As the American position in New York collapsed, new orders arrived directing Lincoln to join Washingtons army as it retreated north. Helping to cover the American withdrawal, he was present at the Battle of White Plains on October 28. With the enlistments of his men expiring, Lincoln returned to Massachusetts later in the fall to aid in raising new units. Later marching south, he took part in operations in the Hudson Valley in January before finally receiving a commission in the Continental Army. Appointed a major general on February 14, 1777, Lincoln reported to Washingtons winter quarters at Morristown, NJ. Benjamin Lincoln - To the North: Placed in command of the American outpost at Bound Brook, NJ, Lincoln came under attack by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis on April 13. Badly outnumbered and nearly surrounded, he successfully extricated the bulk of his command before retreating. In July, Washington dispatched Lincoln north to aid Major General Philip Schuyler in blocking an offensive south over Lake Champlain by Major General John Burgoyne. Tasked with organizing militia from New England, Lincoln operated from a base in southern in southern Vermont and began planning raids on the British supply lines around Fort Ticonderoga. As he worked to grow his forces, Lincoln clashed with Brigadier General John Stark who refused to subjugate his New Hampshire militia to Continental authority. Operating independently, Stark won a decisive victory over Hessian forces at the Battle of Bennington on August 16. Benjamin Lincoln - Saratoga: Having built a force of around 2,000 men, Lincoln began moving against Fort Ticonderoga in early September. Sending three 500-man detachments forward, his men attacked on September 19 and captured everything in the area except the fort itself. Lacking siege equipment, Lincolns men withdrew after four days of harassing the garrison. As his men regrouped, orders arrived from Major General Horatio Gates, who had replaced Schuyler in mid-August, requesting that Lincoln bring his men to Bemis Heights. Arriving on September 29, Lincoln found that the first part of the Battle of Saratoga, the Battle of Freemans Farm, had already been fought. In the wake of the engagement, Gates and his chief subordinate, Major General Benedict Arnold, fell out leading to the latters dismissal. In reorganizing his command, Gates ultimately placed Lincoln in command of the armys right. When the second phase of the battle, the Battle of Bemis Heights, began on October 7, Lincoln remained in command of the American defenses while other elements of the army advanced to meet the British. As the fighting intensified, he directed reinforcements forward. The following day, Lincoln led a reconnaissance force forward and was wounded when a musket ball shattered his right ankle. Taken south to Albany for treatment, he then returned to Hingham to recover. Out of action for ten months, Lincoln rejoined Washingtons army in August 1778. During his convalescence, he had contemplated resigning over seniority issues but had been convinced to remain in the service. In September 1778, Congress appointed Lincoln to command the Southern Department replacing Major General Robert Howe. Benjamin Lincoln - In the South: Delayed in Philadelphia by Congress, Lincoln did not arrive at his new headquarters until December 4. As a result, he was unable to prevent the loss of Savannah later that month. Building his forces, Lincoln mounted a counter-offensive in Georgia in the spring of 1779 until a threat to Charleston, SC by Brigadier General Augustine Prevost forced him to fall back to defend the city. That fall, he utilized the new alliance with France to launch an attack against Savannah, GA. Partnering with French ships and troops under Vice Admiral Comte dEstaing, the two men laid siege to the city on September 16. As the siege dragged on, dEstaing became increasingly concerned about the threat posed to his ships by hurricane season and requested that the allied forces assault the British lines. Reliant on French support for continuing the siege, Lincoln had no choice but to agree. Moving forward, American and French forces attacked on October 8 but were unable to break through the British defenses. Though Lincoln pressed to continue the siege, dEstaing was unwilling to further risk his fleet. On October 18, the siege was abandoned and dEstaing departed the area. With the French departure, Lincoln retreated back to Charleston with his army. Working to strengthen his position at Charleston, he came under attack in March 1780 when a British invasion force led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton landed. Forced into the citys defenses, Lincolns men were soon besieged. With his situation rapidly worsening, Lincoln attempted to negotiate with Clinton in late April to evacuate the city. These efforts were rebuffed as were later attempts to negotiate a surrender. On March 12, with part of city burning and under pressure from civic leaders, Lincoln capitulated. Surrendering unconditionally, the Americans were not granted the traditional honors of war by Clinton. The defeat proved one of the worst of the conflict for the Continental Army and remains the US Armys third-largest surrender. Benjamin Lincoln - Yorktown: Paroled, Lincoln returned to his farm in Hingham to await his formal exchange. Though he requested a court of inquiry for his actions at Charleston, none was ever formed and no charges were brought against him for his conduct. In November 1780, Lincoln was exchanged for Major General William Phillips and Baron Friedrich von Riedesel who had been captured at Saratoga. Returning to duty, he spent the winter of 1780-1781 recruiting in New England before moving south to rejoin Washingtons army outside New York. In August 1781, Lincoln marched south as Washington sought to trap Cornwallis army at Yorktown, VA. Supported by French forces under Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau, the American army arrived at Yorktown on September 28. Leading the armys 2nd Division, Lincolns men took part in the resulting Battle of Yorktown. Besieging the British, the Franco-American army compelled Cornwallis to surrender on October 17. Meeting with Cornwallis at the nearby Moore House, Washington demanded the same harsh conditions that the British had required of Lincoln the year before at Charleston. At noon on October 19 the French and American armies lined up to await the British surrender. Two hours later the British marched out with flags furled and their bands playing The World Turned Upside Down. Claiming he was ill, Cornwallis sent Brigadier General Charles OHara in his stead. Approaching the allied leadership, OHara attempted to surrender to Rochambeau but was told by the Frenchman to approach the Americans. As Cornwallis was not present, Washington directed OHara to surrender to Lincoln, who was now serving as his second-in-command. Benjamin Lincoln - Later Life: At the end of October 1781, Lincoln was appointed Secretary of War by Congress. He remained in this post until the formal end of hostilities two years later. Resuming his life in Massachusetts, he began speculating on land in Maine as well as negotiated treaties with the areas Native Americans. In January 1787, Governor James Bowdoin asked Lincoln to lead a privately-funded army to put down Shays Rebellion in the central and western parts of the state. Accepting, he marched through the rebelling areas and put and end to large-scale organized resistance. Later that year, Lincoln ran and won the post of lieutenant governor. Serving one term under Governor John Hancock, he remained active in politics and participated in the Massachusetts convention that ratified the US Constitution. Lincoln later accepted the position of collector for the Port of Boston. Retiring in 1809, he died at Hingham on May 9, 1810 and was buried in the towns cemetery. Selected Sources History of War: Benjamin LincolnPatriot Resource: Benjamin Lincoln Massachusetts Historical Society: Benjamin Lincoln

Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Essays

Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Essays Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Paper Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Paper Plants are affected by different substances that come into contact with them. These effects may be good or bad. There are certain substances such as fertilizers, which have a positive effect on the growth of certain plants, more specifically peachy (Brassier ARPA variety cheesiness). Peachy is commonly used in cooking in Filipino households. It requires little attention as it is a very hardy plant. It is rich in vitamins A, C, K, and fiber as well, Which are all good for our bodies. They grow best in cold seasons. The group selected this study so that they can test the effects of certain mixtures or substances such as water and salt, water and sugar, water and powdered milk, against the effects of water only. The group wanted to find out if these substances would benefit or cause damage to the plants. Statement of Problem Can varying solutions enhance the growth of peachy? Hypothesis The problem under study is whether different kinds of solutions (such as water and salt, water and sugar, water and milk) will affect the growth of plants. Their objectives are: To determine which solution will benefit peachy plants. k To make a homemade, effective fertilizer instead of buying expensive ones Significance of the Study Since agriculture is one of the main sources of income for the people in the country, the researchers would want to determine if water mixtures would affect the growth of plants. Their study about the different mixtures, such as water with sugar, water with salt, water with oil and water with soap affecting the growth of plants is significant because this study will educate the people of the things that they do not want to water their plants With. If this study is successful, the searchers will be able to inform the people on how they can make their plants grow faster and the substances that would harm them. Through this experiment, we might be able to find ways of increasing the growth of the plants found in our garden. Scope and Limitations The researchers will try to determine whether different substances (water with salt, sugar, powdered milk or water only) will affect the growth of the plants. They will be allotting 2 months for us to see if the water mixtures namely water with salt, sugar, and powdered milk can affect the growth of plants. The plants in Arial 1 will be receiving enough sunlight while trial 2 will not he receiving enough sunlight, watered equally and have a control set up so that we can compare the results after the time allotted for the experiment, They will not be spending as much because most tooth products they will be using are Dunn at home. They will be having a PH. SOC budget to buy materials that we will need but couldnt find them at our houses. The independent variable will include the plants we used in testing, water with the mixtures. The dependent variable will be the result of dealing with or experimenting the independent/experimental variable. In this case, it will be the amount of sugar, salt, and powdered milk that they will mix with the water to see if these will affect the Peachy plant we will be using for our experiment Their controlled variable Will consist Of the peachy plant and water. CHAPTER II Review Of Related Literature Tap Water on Plants Tap water is good for plants that need water with chlorine in it, spring water is good for carnivorous plants in order for them to grow, and bottled water is good for plants like cactuses that need mineral water to grow. Sugar on Plants Plants require three essentials, light, water and nutrients to thrive and produce optimum yield. Plants naturally produce sugars, such as glucose and sucrose. These sugars are needed to produce energy, promote growth and aide in the processes of respiration and transpiration. Sugar can also be introduced to a plant through watering to enhance growth and production. Sugar, in moderation, is not harmful to plants. Fifth amount Figaro in the soil becomes too high, this promotes a higher incidence of fungi and bacteria. A typical fungus that thrives on sugar is yeast. In a study at University of Southern California, three groups of bean plants were watered with different degrees f sugar water (C g, 25 g and 50 g solutions). The group of plants which had been watered with the 50 g sugar/water solution was not only the largest and strongest Of the plants, they were also the healthiest and highest yielding plants. Effect of Salt Concentration on Plant Growth Many western farmers believe that soil alkali is more detrimental to crop growth during the hot weather than during the cooler seasons of the year. Other agricultural workers have noted that damage to crops due to alkali (soil salinity) is more serious in the hot interior valleys than along the coast where the climate is more moderated. It is not definitely known whether or not soil salinity concentrations are comparable between different seasons of the year or between respective areas. Yet, information on this question is pertinent to the development of management practices which would aid in ameliorating soil salinity conditions at different seasons of the year and under different climatic conditions, The results obtained in this study show that* most crops are injured by salt to a greater extent in warm than cool climates. The Effect of Water Impurities on Plant Growth The purpose this experiment was to determine the effect of water impurities n the growth of plants. Each plant was put near a big window that let in a lot of sun. Two different stems from each plant were marked with bag ties. The heights of the two stems from each plant were measured. The plants were watered with 157. 6 millimeters of the solution. Each plant was watered on Thursday and Sunday. The first solution contained six millimeters of Colors bleach and 1516 millimeters of water. The second solution contained 6 grams of sugar and 157. 6 millimeters of water. The third solution contained 6 grams of salt and 157. 6 millimeters of water, On Friday and Monday the height of the stems of each plant were measured, ND the height was recorded. There was also a plant that was watered just with water, for the control setup. This experiment ran for four weeks. The data was analyzed to determine which plant grew the most over that period Of four weeks. The conclusions of this experiment are that the plant watered with sugar grew the most. Another conclusion is that the control (the plant watered With water) grew a little less than the plant watered with sugar. The plant watered with salt grew a little less than the control, and the plant watered With bleach grew the least amount. The reason that was discovered for why the plant watered with sugar grew the most was because when plants absorb nutrients, they turn them into some form of sugar, This plant didnt have to do that because it was already absorbing sugar. The other substances, except water, probably just stopped the plants from growing as much. Plant Groom Experiments The instructions below outline a protocol for conducting plant growth experiments in the laboratory. You may want to make adaptations for use in a greenhouse or outdoors. Purpose: To determine the effect of compost on plant germination and growth. Materials: pots, compost, soil, seeds, light source (sunlight or artificial light) Procedure The first step is to design your own experiment. There are many possibilitiesa few ideas are listed here, but the variations are endless: Test various combinations of soil and compost on plant growth. For example, you might wish to dig a soil sample from your school yard and mix it with various amounts of finished compost for planting experiments. (Natural soil is better than prepackaged potting soils for experiments such as this because the potting mixes are formulated for optimal plant growth and already contain significant amounts of compost or humus. ) C another possibility is to mix your own potting soil by sing vermiculite, sand, and compost. Creating several mixtures using the same percentages but different types of compost is a good way of comparing the influence of the various types of compost on plant growth. For example, you could compare compost at various levels of maturity, compost created using different mixtures of organic wastes, or overoptimistic versus compost created in a thermometric system. 0 if you are interested in investigating the effects of compost tea on plant growth, you could fill the pots with a sandy soil or potting medium such as vermiculite, then use compost extracts for watering, Next, whatever type of experiment you choose, make sure that you design your experiment to include replicates of the various treatments. For example, your design might look like the following: Treatment compost) I # Hats(with 6 plants in each) I # Plants 100% compost 1 31 18 25/75131 181 181 75/25131 181 100%soil 131 18 Third, plant your seeds, water them, and place them in a well-lit location Much type of seeds will work, but radish or lettuce is often chosen because they grow quickly. Melon seeds are sensitive to fungal diseases, and thus they provide a sensitive indicator of whether fungi have been killed through heating or curing f the compost. Then, keep all the pots in the same setting to minimize any variation in temperature, lighting, pests, and other environmental factors. Even when the environmental conditions are kept as constant as possible, it is a good idea to randomize the grouping of plants rather than placing all the plants that are receiving the same treatment together in one group. This helps to further minimize the effect of any environmental differences. Lastly, record on a daily basis the number of seeds that have germinated, plant growth, and observations about plant health such as color, vigor, or damage due to pests and diseases. You can decide what measurements to use as indicators of plant growth; possibilities include plant height, number and size of leaves, and dry weight of the entire plant at the end of the experiment. (For dry weight, weigh the plant after drying in a ICC oven for 24 hours,) Analysis and Interpretation 1. Graph germination rates and plant growth over time for the different treatments. Also, determine the mean number of seeds germinated and mean size or mass of the plants at the end of the experiment. Compare average germination rates, plant growth, and health for the different experimental retirements. Based on your experiments, what was the optimal potting mix for plant germination? For plant growth? For plant health? 2. Some things may have gone wrong in your experiments. For example, you may have over- watered your plants, causing them all to die from fungal infection regardless of the treatment. Or you may have taken measurements only on plant height, and later decided that measuring the number Of leaves and length of the main stem would have given better information. These types of problems are normal and can be used as a basis for redesigning the experiment. HOW might you hangs your experimental design if you were to carry out another set of growth experiments? 3. You may not rind any differences between the treatments. Or, you may discover that the plants grown without compost did best. If this is the case, it may be difficult to determine whether the compost had no effect, or you did something wrong. The tendency is to assume the compost really has an effect and to attribute insignificant or negative results to experimental mistakes. However, the interpretation of results should not be biased by your predictions or preconceived ideas about the way experiments will turn out. Often unexpected results lead to important insights and questions. Maybe your compost is of poor quality, or maybe the plant species you chose grows well in poor soils. Explore all the possibilities for explaining your results with an open mind, through discussions and new experiments. 4. The conclusions and recommendations that you are able to make based on your results will depend on how and where you carried out your experiments. For example, if you used potted plants in a classroom or greenhouse, it may be difficult to extrapolate from your results to what would happen if the same plants veer grown outdoors n a garden. However, your results may give you some ideas about what ovule happen, allowing you to make predictions or hypotheses. You could then use these predictions to design a new experiment on plant growth in a garden setting. Unlike other raw materials, the raw water supply varies significantly in quality both from one geographical region to another and from season to season. Water derived from an upland surface source, for instance, usually has a low ADS (Total Dissolved Solids) and is relatively soft, but has a high concentration of organic contamination, much of it colloidal. By contrast, avatar from an underground source generally has a high ADS and hardness level but a low organic content. Water impurities generally include minerals, viruses, bacteria and Other organic material. Sewer water from homes and industries contain a large variety of such water impurities. Currently, sewer water is going through some initial treatment to remove some impurities and then it is discharged in rivers and oceans. If water impurities are not harmful to the plants, part of such water can be used for irrigation and watering gardens. Water is critical for greenhouse production because a great deal of water is required to grow roundhouse crops. Since a large amount of water is needed to produce the crop, the quality of the water is important. The term quality in this case is related to what compounds are in the water. It a large number to impurities are in the water, than the quality offbeat water would be considered poor; however, if there were few impurities in the water the quality would be considered good or excellent, One class of impurities that is extremely important is that of salts. How does the salt content affect plants? Normally water moves to the root by a concentration gradient, and into the root by osmosis. The water content in the oil after watering is high and the water content in the roots is lower so water moves from the soil into the root. If the salt content of the water is very high the salt will compete with the roots for the water and the water may not move into the roots because the salts are holding on to the water. If the salt content Of the water gets too high, water could even be pulled out of the roots. It is important to mention that fertilizers are also salts so Will add to the natural salt content Of the Level of Nitrogen vs.. Plant Growth PURPOSE: To determine the effects of water solutions that contains different bevels of nitrogen on bean growth. HYPOTHESIS: The plants receiving a nitrogen solution will be affected the most by growing the tallest. EXPERIMENT DESIGN The constants in this study were amount of water, amount of light, temperature, kind of bean, size and type of container and the location of the plants. The manipulated variable is the amount to nitrogen in the solution. The responding variable was the bean height in centimeters (using a ruler) and the weight of the green matter in grams. The materials used in the experiment were 20 clear containers, 2 holding containers, 20 bean seeds, 3 jugs of distilled water, I ruler centimeters), 1 bag of nitrogen fertilizer 21-0-0, 1 scale, 1 permanent marker (black), sticks on labels and S mall_ beakers. PROCEDURES 1). Gather materials then fill 20 clear containers about 2/3 full of Pearl Light. 2). Plant a bean seed in each container about halfway down and using a distilled water jug (make sure there are holes in the cap) water the beans in each container so the top is moist, but theres no water visible on the bottom. 3). Water the beans each day until 14 seeds germinate. The other 6 are back-ups. 4). After 14 seeds have germinated, separate them into seven groups of 2 each ND label 2 the containers with 112% nitrogen. 5). Repeat step #4 with the other containers, except label each group Of two 2%, 4%, and ICC%. 6). Pour 200 ml of distilled water into each of the seven beakers 7). SE a balance scale to weigh the nitrogen from the bag. Add the nitrogen to the scale until it balances at O. Set the scale to 1 gram for 112%, 2 grams for 1%, 4 grams for 2%, 8 grams for 4%, 12 grams for 6%, and 20 grams for 10%. 8). Pour the nitrogen into the beaker labeled 112% nitrogen. 12). Repeat steps 7 and 8 five more times, except set the scale so that it will balance for the different levels of nitrogen. Shake each notation vigorously until the nitrogen dissolves. 13). Using a 1 ounce measuring cup, fill it with the 112% nitrogen solution about 213 of an ounce full 14). Pour the solution into one of the containers labeled 112% 15). Repeat step #14 with the other solutions. Have one beaker contain just distilled water. That is the water for the Control Group. 16). Let the containers sit on a windowsill or under a grow light. 17). Water the beans every other day during a two-week growing period. If you need to make more of one of the nitrogen solutions, follow steps 18). After the two weeks are up, carefully remove the plants from the earl Light but measure the plants before taking them out. 19). Record the height (in centimeters) and the weight (in grams) of the plants RESULTS The original purpose of this experiment was to determine if the level of nitrogen would affect plants growth. CONCLUSION It is therefore concluded that the plants receiving a 4% nitrogen solution mould grow the best. The usefulness of my findings will benefit farmers so they know not to overdose their bean plants With nitrogen. Chapter Ill Methodology Materials * Peachy seeds 4 pots * Tap water * White sugar * Salt (Dizzied) Powdered milk (Birch Tree) Methods The researchers used 8 peachy plants, placed in labeled pots (namely A, B, C, and D) each to be watered with 150 ml of water, The researchers did 2 Set AAAS the control group. It was watered with 150 ml to water. Set trials. B was watered with So of white sugar mixed with ISO ml of water. * Set C was watered with egg of salt mixed with 150 ml of water. Set D was watered with SOB of powdered milk and I SC ml of water. During the experiment period, the researchers watered their peachy plants once a day with equal amounts of water and their respective The time of the watering of the plants was at 5:30 PM.