Harley Davidson Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson EssayThe video case Harley Davidson More Than Just a Motorcycle briefly explains how the union Harley Davidson, was able to reshape, recreate and expand their products while also encouraging, enlightening, and mentoring both young-bearing(prenominal) and male customers at the same time for the ultimo 100 years. The Harley-Davidson comp any(prenominal) creates and designs motorcycles fit for any and e actuallybody. Although the company uses special marketing variables in trying to reach a specific target market, they do non limit their products nor reject any other customers outside of that specific target market. Using psychographic variables, advertising in certain locations is an example of how Harley-Davidson reaches out to their target market. Psychographic division variables mainly concentrate on its customers according to their personal attributes, motive, and lifestyle. The company also markets their magazines to both women and men people overall who h appen to be very self-reliant and active individuals. With motorcycling being a hobby more so for a male, Harley-Davidson specifically establishes a way to show females who atomic number 18 also into sit motorcycles that they are too accepted into the bond for the open road.To show this, Harley-Davidson hires women in their establishments since women customers do often feel undermined and intimidated by male employees when in inquisition of a new motorcycle. Events all over the nation are also held for the female motorcyclists where they are educated and mentored on the ways of Harley-Davidson and the road. The term quality has been employ to differentiate products today in the Harley-Davidson company for years. It is one of the main factors this company has been using to satisfy the needs of both old and new customers.Quality is non only the distinctive characteristic, property, or attribute of a product, but it also benefits and satisfies the customers wishes. Sustaining an d keeping up with the various products and the quality of them keeps customers certain that they are content with what they are paying for. Harley-Davidson carries on with the constant quality in their products to maintain the reputation and principles of the company itself. The company is well known for their popular heavyweight, chopper style design. Their motorcycles are fit for all purposes such as traveling long distances or just for the fun of being on the open road.These Harley-Davidson products all show pouch for the customers as well as giving ease and guaranteeing their safety. When it comes to the satisfying the customers, quality is kept constant within its products at the highest level it can be along with applying its products with the best premium quality. Harley-Davidson uses customer service to differentiate their products in a manner that emotionally connects the customers to their products while fulfilling their wants and needs through the impeccable quality of t heir products.The companys mission is to instill a sense of freedom and liberation through their products so that they and their customers can build a lifetime relationship. To improve this, hiring female employees within their establishments happen to make women feel confident and positive when interested in purchasing and riding motorcycles. Harley-Davidson even has mentoring courses specifically for women in which old women riders progress and give new women riders the confidence to ride safely on the open road.The company uses courses like this so all women riders can bond, teach and inform each other on the different wear and products to use when riding and inspire others to become a mentor by being positive and helpful. This course is very helpful to the women riders because it builds their self-confidence while also introducing to the many new women riders the different products Harley-Davidson hold, aside from their competition, and the quality their products hold.The Harle y-Davidson Museum holds a great amount of influence on how consumers may perceive the company and their products. The museum exhibits motorcycles from when they were first built by the masterminds behind it all, William Harley and Arthur Davidson. Exhibiting bikes that go as farthest as the beginning of the 19th century show consumers how far they have come along and evolved to what they are today. The Harley-Davidson museum also gives consumers hands-on experiences and interactive workshops that can help turn consumers into Harley-Davidson customers and riders.It is the place where people would go and would want to attend more about Harley-Davidson, their products, history, and brand. Harley-Davidson and their product mix show a good example of an impressive marketing strategy that can easily attract any and everybody that would be interested in riding a motorcycle. Unlike any other motorcycle company, Harley-Davidson ventured out and made a huge variety of products of fantabulo us quality fit for anyone and everyone, including pets

The Rising Problem of Water Essay Example for Free

The Rising Problem of Water EssayAlthough body of pissing is the commonest molecular compound (Crystal, 1990) thither is a rising problem concerning its purity. We cant reach for the nearest stream and draw water for a drink the way people did before. Today, water is for sale. Waters scarcity and depletion, lack of sanitation and pollution, inequalities in distribution, problems caused by dam projects, to extravagant use or mismanagement and even cross-border conflict, etc. (Godrej, 2003) key for the crises that governments are dealing with regards to water. Though water is foundational to life, e.g. part of our physical component, and as experts say it occurs in all living organisms (Crystal, 1990), truth is, the world faces a water crisis. Before pointing to big companies/factories and relegate to them the reason for this crisis, we are all delinquent when it comes to the management and the use of water. When ones use of water is too such(prenominal) or beyond the rate of normal use, the hydrological cycle is being put in danger (Godrej, 2003). The hydrological cycle is so arranged as to allow for replenishing. When there is overuse, replenishing becomes difficult and depletion and pollution follow.Water like those in oceans and rivers, usually have natural pollutants, but only enough to be purified by the natural hydrological cycle. The chief(prenominal) culprit for water pollution is man whose human activities are the causes of localized pollution. Heavy metals, oil spills, and bacteria, (Barnes-Svarney, 1996) are all contaminants which are results of human abuses.References1. Crystal, David. 1990. Water H2O. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia. Cambridge University Press, p. 1285.2. Godrej, Dinar. 2003. Crisis and challenge. unique fluid. New Internationalist magazine, volume 354, pp. 9-12.3. Barnes-Svarney, Patricia. 1996. The New York PublicLibrary Science Desk Reference, p. 472.

Historical Background of the Security Council

Historical Background of the security department CouncilGENERAL INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE earnest COUNCILThe Security Council is one of the principles electric harmoniums of the join Nations. It is ceremonious under condition 7 of the coupled Nations Charter. It is charged with the responsibility of maintaining global calm and security. It derives this power under Article 24 of the Charter. In order to compass this primary aim, Article 25 provides that it shall have enforcement powers so that it throw out in any(prenominal) situations induct dorsum clotures to which member adduces shall give effect.There are discordant methods through which the Security Council can maintain multinational peace and security under the Charter. These areTo investigate any dispute or situation which index lead to world(prenominal) frictionTo recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlementTo formulate plans for the set upment of a system to re gulate armamentsTo determine the humankind of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and recommend what action should be takenTo call on members to apply scotch sanctions and separate measures non involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggressionTo take military action against an aggressorThe Security Council held its first session on 17th January, 1946 at Church House, London. Since its first meeting, the Council which exists in continuous session has trave direct widely holding its meetings in many cities such as Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1972, Panama City, Panama in 1973, then at its current home at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.The Council is organized in such a way that it is able to function continuously and a representative of each of the members must be present at all times at the United Nations Headquarters. The presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member states. The Council is com posed of 15 members of which 5 are permanent members with banish powers and the other 10 non permanent members are selected from the oecumenical Assembly on a rotational basis. The non permanent members are selected based on each members contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security and equitable geographical distribution. The non permanent members have no veto power. This is probably due to the nature of its role and the occupy to act efficiently in situations of crisis which could endanger international peace and security. With the veto, the 5 permanent members can greatly influence a final decision in the council. This is due to the position that even though the non permanent members can take part in the discussions and probably make suggestions, a permanent member can veto a decision that it is not happy with. This is exemplified by the case of Russia during the Cold War (show example) .The rationale for the veto is due to the fact that the mistakes ma ke with the League of Nations needed to be avoided. There was therefore a need to have few members who would be able to take decisions expeditiously.Articles 24 and 25 of the Charter are the main line of descent of the power of the Council. This gives the Council the leverage to act on behalf of members of the oecumenical Assembly and to trust its decision on find out when there is a threat to peace and security. This shows that prayer of Chapter VII powers is not absolutely necessary to give the Councils action a stuffing character. This is in consonance with the International Court of Justice holding in the Namibia case that the resolution was binding even though its basis is not the Councils chapter VII powers .During the Cold War, the Security Council was deadened by the constant use of the veto by the permanent members especially Russia which at a particular time led to the transfer of the Councils power to the General Assembly and the Unifying for Peace gag rule was adop ted. With the end of the Cold War, the Security Council became more active, that is, it had more opportunity to act by adopting a lot of resolutions (the resolution on Namibia) and performing the functions for which it was established. With this development, many countries began to defend their dissatisfaction with the unrepresentative character of the Council and its exercise of powerIn construe the relevant Charter provisions on what constitutes a threat to peace and security, the Council has taken a liberal path so that a whole lot of issues comply under what constitutes a threat to the peace from issues such as diseases, lack of economic co-operation to nuclear weapons. This has however come under a lot of criticism that the Council is making a general statement or more precisely statute law by making pronouncements on HIV. The reason why the Council has given its chapter VII power a liberal version is due to the fact that each organ within the United Nations determines its own power to suit its functions. Similarly, the decisions of the Council are not subject to judicial review by the principle judicial organ of the United Nations which is the International Court of Justice.It is also very important to take cognizance of the fact that the Charter has to be reflective of modern challenges. It cannot continue to be construe in accordance with the intention of the drafters. In order to give effect to its aims and objectives, contemporary challenges have to be taken into condition.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe issue of what constitutes a threat to international peace and security and the steps taken by the Council to address the issues through recommendations and resolutions forget form part of the aim of this research. It would be argued whether or not the Security Council makes laws or it merely interprets them. If it makes laws, its legitimacy is to be questioned, that is whether it follows due process of treaty making or legislates in accordance with th e primary objective of the Charter of maintaining international peace and security. I would also consider whether it is the right forum for such law making considering the implications of its legal output on the members of the United Nations.The research will carry out a literature review on what obtains about its law making powers which makes it quite interesting considering the fact that the Security Council is a policy-making organ. This is due to the fact that it is one of the few organs aside the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that make binding decisions on member states. It will be argued that the council does actually make laws even if it previously didnt do so considering its recent resolutions such as the resolution on terrorism and the resolution establishing the International Compensation Commission following the Gulf War and the sanctions on Iraq considering their long term implications.Even though the Security Council has gravel sort of a global legislature for the reasons stated in a higher place, for the arguments that would be canvassed in Chapter 2 of this dissertation, it will be argued that the Security Council being a political organ is not the right forum for law making as the case maybe. Due to the fact that there is no legislature at the international level, it became the eventual(prenominal) world authority even though its primary pre-occupation is the maintenance of international peace and security. The word peace and security being viewed in the positive quite a than just the prevention of war can encompass any subject and thus comes within the jurisdiction of the Security Council to legislate upon. (talk about hegemonic international law)DOES THE SECURITY COUNCIL MAKE LAWS?The Security Council as an organ was not established to make law. (See Chesterman).Its primary role as stated earlier is the maintenance of international peace and security, a term which was couched in the neg ative by the drafters of the United Nations Charter i.e. to prevent war. The passage of time has affected the Charter and brought about different events to which solutions had to be proffered and thus the need for a liberal interpretation of the Charter in order to give effect to its aims and objectives. It is the manner the Council has chosen to interpret the Charter that has led to debates about whether it has started legislating(szazs) or it merely interprets the provisions of the Charter through its resolutions and recommendations.(see alvarez,pages 129,141,143).As stated earlier, the Security Council is one of the few organs aside the WHO and IAEA that actually make legal instruments that are binding on the members. Although some resolutions are recommendatory while others are binding and has been accepted by states by virtue of Article 25 of the charter, recent resolutions have not only been binding but have sparked debates as to whether the council has started legislating. Di fferent feels abound with regard to this present debate.White (2005) is of the view that the Council has micturate a quasi-judicial capableness despite its express power of determination being limited to Article 39 of the Charter. He terms it as judicial capacity due to the fact that the determinations are based on international law rather than institutional law of its constituent document. He further contends that such a power is invaluable in a legal system that depends for its continuance on clear and unequivocal condemnation of breaches of international law. Although his opinion holds true to some extent due to the fact that there is no legislature at the international level, what it doesnt tell us is the implications of such law making by the Council.Schrijver (2006) is of the opinion that of recent the Council had started to create law by virtue of the general statements that it makes. That with resolution 1540 (resolution on terrorism), the Council had taken an unpreceden ted step of bringing into force legislation binding on all states on the issue of terrorism (szasz-the Security Council starts legislating). This argument contends that even if the Council before now did not create binding obligations on the members of the United Nations, its resolutions have taken a new dimension and they have the effect of law at the state level.Others are of the opinion that the changing role of the Council as a result of the transformation in international law through the 20th century has caused a shift from bilateral treaty relations to deep-lobed institutional framework. In essence the consent of states are no longer required before action can be taken putting into consideration the matter of which the Council has jurisdiction over, hence the need to legislate on behalf of the entire international community. This argument is in line with the need to interpret the Charter in light of its object and purpose in accordance with Article 32 of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties. However, there is the need for such laws when the need arises for them to be made in accordance with the limitations set by the Charter which will be explored further in the chapter taking the case study of the sanctions put on Iraq during the Gulf conflict. Chesterman opines that for the Council to become a world legislator there is the need for a conscious transfer of such power from the member states to the Council to elevate it to that status. other justification for the Councils recent role could be supported by the fact that there is no specified organ in the Charter responsible for interpreting the provisions of the Charter. As a result of this, each organ is responsible for interpreting the Charter provisions relevant to its functions. Similarly, since the Council is charged with the responsibility of determining what constitutes a threat to international peace and security, (check relevant charter provision).it is justified in doing what it is pres ently engaged in. The ends driven demands of peace and security are winning the contend for the Councils roleIt is contended that the Council by answering purely juridical questions to which it is not the rightful organ, has shed its reluctance to create legal obligations, thus acting as a law maker .The legality for its law making powers can be found in the provisions of its Chapter VII powers and states consequently have a obligation to obey its determinationsA different opinion holds that since there is no enforcement mechanism at the international level, the international normative system is not law. Therefore, the decisions made by the Council are not legislative in nature. (Check the article and see her reference on this point). Although this is a good point due to the fact there is no legislature at the international level, it does not take cognizance of the fact that the present day Security Council does actually have the ability to coerce form and has done so in several instances such as during the Gulf War when it required member states to use all necessary means to view compliance by Iraq of the order to vacate Kuwait. (find reference)It has also been contended that the sanctions that the Council places on states are temporary and meant to secure compliance and as such cannot be said to establish new rules of international law. This a plausible argument due to the fact that even if the sanctions were initially temporary, they can later acquire the force of law to be made applicable to other defaulting states, hence they become custom (my argument is plausible as well).It is submitted in line with Chestermans argument that the Councils decisions even if previously not legislative, have taken a radical turn for imposing obligations on states. This is true of the resolution on terrorism which requires states to pass legislations to give effect to the resolution and report to a committee about progress made on the implementation of the resolution (s ee szasz and the resolution on terrorism).This is in contradiction to most of its resolutions which normally encourage states to do a particular thing rather than using operative words likeshall. This kind of obligation is usually found at the state level where you have a legislature with the requisite power and the necessary checks on its decisions or at the international level through multilateral treaties that create obligations on states with their consent.More so, this is contrary to the practice of the General Assembly where resolutions of this nature are adopted unanimously. The Security Council is supposed to work in conjunction with the General Assembly in relation to security matters (correction needed).BINDING AND NON BINDING RESOLUTIONThe Security Council takes decisions by passing resolutions. Resolutions may be defined as a unanimous agreement by the members of the Security Council on the course of action to take with regards to issues of international peace and securi ty. The Security Council is one of the few organs with intergovernmental organizations that can adopt binding resolution on member states. Pursuant to the provisions of Article 25 and 48(1) of the charter, the council can adopt binding decisions on its members. For the decisions to be binding, they must be taken in pursuance of the primary responsibility of the Council of maintaining international peace and security. The binding resolutions usually require compliance by states and it can come in the form of economic sanctions or other restriction on the state in question (szazs).On the other hand, the Council has recommendatory powers in accordance with Article 26 of the Charter by formulating plans to be submitted to the members of the United Nations through the General Assembly. Such plans are not binding on the member states (Stefan talmon)In determining whether a resolution is binding or not, the International Court of Justice in the advisory opinion over the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia stated that care ought to be taken before reaching a conclusion. White is of the opinion that the approach of the Council means that it can adopt binding decisions on a wider variety of matters concerning peace and security (within its confines). A possible explanation for the cautious approach of the court might be due to the fact that specialization between binding resolutions and mere declarations have become blurred (Alvarez).This is as a result of developments in international norms. What is today merely of normative abide by might acquire the force of law with time and might even develop into a jus cogen norm (define term in glossary).This could be seen with some General Assembly declaration (declaration on the right of self determination).This could possibly happen with the resolution on terrorism.White says that the non binding recommendations can help shape everyday international law. This is because the distinction between binding resolution an d soft law obligation as stated by Alvarez is no longer clear attenuated (page 599).Soft law is no longer just a precursor to a hard rule. It is sometimes regarded as preferable to law making. It helps to provide an authoritative interpretation of the Charter as can be exemplified in the case of the council. (I dont know if this is really applicable as it seems to encompass IGOs generally).With the end of the Cold War, the activities of the Council have made distinction between enforcement, law making and dispute settlement difficult (page 600). At one time or the other, the Council has engaged in all of the above mentioned activities and even though they were not initially meant to be binding, states eventually adopt legislations to that effect (find example).

Beauty Product Advertisements: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Beauty Product adverts A Critical talk AnalysisBeauty Product Advertisements A Critical Discourse AnalysisABSTRACTThis news report deals with the study of advertisements about different dish aerial products from critical conference analysis perspectives this look in the main concern with the use of lyric poem in the beauty product advertisements and how these ads influence the costumers. This study is basically focused on Faircloughs three dimensional frame works. A qualitative research was conducted on the beauty product advertisements of famous beauty products. The main reason to choose this topic was my interest in English language and advertising, for the most die from linguistic point of view. I go advertising language fascinating thitherfore, I want to discover its principles, strategies and structure of creative writing and grammatical structures. advertizing has become the part and parcel of present-day life. From everywhere around us, advertisements of different t ypes attack our privacy. In spite of it, there is an getive power, which is able to control the consumer an nonvisual voice of advertisement advocates, encourages, asks, announces and deeply embeds into peoples minds.INTRODUCTIONAdvertising is an inevitable part of our modern capitalist consumer society whose outstanding feature is its competitive fight. advertising is not some external curiosity which we examine, from which we be separate and superior, but something of which we are part, and which is part of us (Cook 1996 182).Advertising, generally speaking, is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor. Marketers impose advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. (http//www.wikipedia.org/)The American Heritage Dictionary says that the advertising isThe activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media.The business of designin g and writing advertisements.Advertisements considered as a group This paper takes no advertising.Advertisement is a concrete manifestation of advertising a paid public announcement appearing in the media. (http//www.motto.com/glossary.html)Another definition of advertising is according to the Investor actors line glossaryDescription or presentation of a product, idea, or organization, in order to induce individuals to buy, support, or approve of it.(http//www.investorwords.com/129/advertising.html)METHODOLOGYAdvertisements are seen as media discourse as they involve language and social processes.Hence fair Cloughs framework is used to show the link between the nature of social coiffure and the properties of language texts. Beauty product advertisements in English Language were analyzed. The taste which I have taken for my research are the several international beauty brands named as LOreal, Olay, Garnier, Himalaya, Dove, Vaseline, Lancme I have taken some ads of these two brands on different products. The data analysis is based on Fair Cloughs Critical Discourse Analysis framework (2001). Hence this framework is used to show the link between the nature of social practice and the properties of language texts. His three-dimensional framework includes a conception of discourse as text (micro level), discourse practice (meso level) and socio cultural practice (macro level). Its aim is to explore the relationships among language, ideology and power and to find out how advertisers persuade the women to buy their products. Thus, this study focused on analyzing the linguistic features of beauty product advertisements and highlights how the use of language tends to influence women beliefs based on the capability of the advertisements.Literature reviewCook (1992, p.5) states that advertising is a famous discourse type in practically all fashionable societies, and we live in a society where it is already well established_ or rapidly gaining ground. The important dis tinguishing feature of ad discourse is its function, because this is always to convince people to buy a particular product. But, this is not the only function.According to Durant Lambrou (2009, p.93), at the same time, advertising conveys information, so that consumers know what is available, who makes it, and where and how they can get it.FEATURES OF CONTEXT IN ADVERTISING DISCOURS E1 .Substance (physical material of ad)2. Music and pictures3. Para language (voice, gestures, type and size of letters, etc.)4. Situation (the properties and relations of objects and people in the vicinity of the text, an sPerceived by the participants)5. Co-text (text which precedes or follows that under analysis)6. Inter text (text which the participants perceive as belonging to other discourse but whichThey associate with the text under consideration, and which affect their meter reading)7. Participants senders, addressers, addressees and receivers.8. Function (what the text is intended to do by t he senders and addressers, or perceived toDo by the receivers and addressees)(Cook, 19921-2)ANALYSISTextual analysisThis portion of my research deals with the philology features of the advertisements to be analysed.At this level we analyze vocabulary, syntax and rhetorical devices use in the ads to be analyzed. In the study there was a great use of learn talk in the advertisements. The use of the second-person personal and possessive pronouns such as you and yours seek to address the readers directly and personally. When people are addresses individually rather than as part of group viewers, it is considered highly valued. This handling of people on an individual basis is referred as synthetic personalization (Fairclough, 198962).The ads which I have taken for my research mainly used direct address. Examples are given belowBecause youre worth it (LOreal)Open up to your beautiful potential (Olay)Why do you want to learn Vaseline spray? (Vaseline spray)Can your embody wash nourish this deeply? (Dove)Keep your skin pure.(Himalaya)Love your lips.( Lancme)Tired of whitening promises? We have proof (Vaseline)In the advertisements there are also questions forced to the readers to create a personal relationship to engage with the readers.Can your body wash nourish this deeply? ( dove body wash ad )Is your volume true? Or false? (cover girl mascara ad)By using questions and imperatives the advertisers are trying to create a closer impound with the readersAnother type of policy to simulate everyday way is the use of disjunctive syntax, that is, sentences without verbs or subjects. These sentences consist of one or two grammatical items only. Examples areTake care (Garnier)24 hours of care (Vaseline)The other important strategy which advertisers use in their ads is use of demonstrable adjectives to manipulate the customers. There are the positive adjectives which were use in those ads which I have taken for analysis these areVibrant, True, Beautiful, Fairness, Pure , Soft, Clear, High Potency, Anti aging, Luxury, long wear, Beauty, Moisture, Touchable soft.Negative adjectivesSome negatives adjectives are also used in the ads. These areMess, Oily skin, Dark spots, Crows feet ,forehead wrinkles, laugh lines, brightness, evenness, Dryness, Dullness, Neck slackening, aging, Dark spot, lines and wrinkles, open pores uneven skin tone.The use of pronouns in advertisements helps create a friendly atmosphere to persuade the audience. It creates a positive and friendly environment between customers and advertiser. Examples of pronouns in the beauty product advertisements in this study areKeep your skin pure.Purifies to give you naturally skin.Love your lips.Aura is our science.The skin tone of your dreams.Advertisers also use technological and scientific words to attract readers. By using such words they hope to imitate an image of professionalism and advancement in technology. In order to impress the consumers, advertisers prize to scientific words an d information to create an impression that they are new with technology. The followings are extracts from the commercials in this study.Protects skin from UV rays with SPF-18, preventing skin dullness and melasma.with 100% herbal activities of neem.For naturally soft and clean skinAdvertisers use different techniques to make their advertisements more attractive .the main technique which advertisers use in beauty products advertisement is the use of metaphors.In the ads metaphors are used such asnew cats eyes mascara adlife is a fairy tale face wash adThe bribery is another skill to attract the customers to the productSuch asBuy one get one freeGet a free sample shop it now.Get a chance to buy a free bottle.The use of numbers in an advertisement is a technique to catch the attractive force of customers towards the product.For example in following advertisements.24 hours of care (Vaseline)200 % more volume zero clumps(mascara ad) moisturizing cream hydrates skin (dove)Get up to 2 tones fairer in just 7 days.(garnier)6 hours high potency lip color (Lancme lipstick)100% black 100% bold (LOreal mascara)Fight 15 signs of ageing (LOreal )The uses of absolutely slogans make it easy for people to remember the brand, the product and the message. For exampleGo fresh (dove)Take care (garnier)Feel it, wear it ,love it (LOreal)Love your lips ( Lancme)ReferencesCook, G. (1992). The Discourse of Advertising. 5. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Durant, A. Lambrou, M. (2009). Language and Media.93. London Routledge.Cook. (1992)The Discourse of Advertising. Londons Routledge and Kegan Paul

The profession of shipbroker

The profession of beambrokerThe profession of Shipbroker has been in use since the early days of commercial shipping. Originally the owner of the ship was also the trader he bought cargoes in one place, carried it and sold it in otherwise place. With the evolution of the international trade, the shipbroker became more specialized as it became intermediary who would capture ships for the merchants and cargoes for the ship owners.The term shipbroker means different things to different people. In Japan and Korea, for example, the term ship broker is only used for the intermediary broker. But in Europe the word ship broker is used to identify a variety of chartering functions. Chartering work is essentially a form of exchange of selective information. It is a billet where the right information at the right moment is essential to be successful. The oxygen of any commercialize is information. Information is what makes a market work. Gathering that information requires time, effort, people, equipment and a network of contact. The parties involved in a chartering deal be one party owns, controls or operates a ship as owner and other party who owns the cargo and looking to be carried by sea transport between two destinations The basic function of the shipbroker is to bring together the two parties pertain involving the ship and cargo owners, then start negotiation between them in order to fix the vessel. The brokers income is derived from the commission payable by the ship owner on completion and fulfilment of the shorten. Another berth of the shipbroker other than fixing the vessel is acting as agent for the ship owner. As such he is accountable for everything which may concern the vessel whilst she is on port such as customs formalities matters concerning the crew loading/discharge of vessels bunkering and so on.Ship-brokers normally specialize in a specific part of the market it can be dry cargo, chemical, passenger vessels, RORO vessels etc. It therefo re learns a specialist at collecting information, it is no longer possible to be a general shipbroker and have knowledge about every market. Detailed specialist knowledge on certain areas, trades, sizes, commodities or charterers is always in demand as the ship owner, charterer or his representative will often need to learn about a different market depending on where his ship is or what he has to fix. Traders need to know freight rates in order to sell cargoes. All principals need up to date information on which ships are interested in what cargoes, why and at what rates, what cargoes need to be lifted in certain areas at certain times. There is huge variety of interest in the market place. While principals demand the information there is a need for someone to put together it and make sense of it The Baltic Exchange, the worlds only independent source of maritime market information for the trading and settlement of physical and derivative catchs, is seeking to represent a curre nt freight market reporter. With the support of 69 international shipbroking companies, the Baltic Exchange publishes independent, high quality dry, wet and gas freight market information on a daily basis. The Baltic acts as a regulatory body for its members and provides a forum for shipping information to circulate amongst its members (Howe Robinson Co Ltd web site). Peter Kerr-Dineen, joint-chairman of Howe Robinson, also became Chairman of the Baltic Exchange during 2003, (Howe Robinson, 2007). Many larger shipbroking firms have separate departments specialising in Dry Cargo Chartering, Tanker Chartering, barter Purchase and sometimes also Demolition sales and Research. Major shipbroking centres include London, Piraeus, New York, Houston, Hamburg, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Major Shipbroking houses are ACM, Clarksons Galbraith, SSY, Braemar Seascope, Charles Weber, Gibsons, and J.E. HydeThe modern freight market is really more sophisticated. The use of super tankers and also better port equipments and the use of satellite navigation systems have improved much in the ship broking business areas.In Southampton docks, it used to take several weeks to unload an average cargo ship such as a type bulk cargo ship V Luck, 13 000 tonnes and now only takes a few days to do the same tasks.Modern ship broking is also nowadays more complicated with the new laws and regulations in regards with all necessary procedures to combat smuggling, and also environmental issues such as global warming.The Laws in this business are also expanding since there are many countries are now involved in the ship broking business. The contract between the ship owners and the cargo owners is becoming a lengthy process. New spoken language in the shipbroking business has also come up. The whole concept of the contract of this kind of business is called the volume contract of Affreightment. These contracts cover the whole concept contract from a charterers point of view and Owner s point of view. It is also containing the definition in the documents and the period and the terminology they both agree to use in the contract during the contract agreements. The European articulation Commission, in their International market regulation dealing with professional qualifications is also putting regulations. Under their regulation for the Chartered Shipbroker, the European Union Commission chose the fall in Kingdom to be the competent authorities on the recognition of qualifications for this regulated profession. At present the competent authorities in the United Kingdom is the Department for Education and Employment Skills located in Moor foot, Sheffield, (Philips, A., 2006).The Ship broking business is becoming a serious task to be taken care off.New entrants into the profession do not need to hold a shipping qualification, but there are degrees courses in Maritime Studies at several British universities. The ground of Chartered Shipbrokers runs a course coveri ng a wide range of subjects culminating in an examination to earn membership of the Institute. The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers is the professional body for those engaged in all aspects of the shipping business. A Royal Charter was granted in 1920, in recognition of the Institutes role in conferring a qualification (MICS/FICS) and maintaining professional standards. Membership is international and Institute branches have been established all over the world. There are many other institutes for shipbrokers all over the world

Gymnastics Essay -- Sports, Oldest Sports

Gymnastics is a sport that requires strength, flexibility, dedication, and determination. However, gymnastics similarly requires the ability to be graceful and delicate. For many years people set about been dedicating themselves to this sport, training for either artistic or rhythmic gymnastics.The sport of gymnastics has been around for many years. Originating around 2,500 years ago makes it one of the oldest sports. People take that the first apparatus used was actually a bull. Men would grab onto the bulls horns and when they were thrown in the air they would try to perform the best stunt earlier landing (Gutman, 1).Gymnastics originated in Greece where they believed that physical fitness was very important, but only to men. It was so important that there was an open-air gymnasium in every(prenominal) city. The gymnasiums were also used as schools where philosophy, literature, and music were taught. The athletes, who were only men eighteen and older, trained all day every day. When they would compete they threw the javelin, climbed ropes, ran races, wrestled, and lifted weights. The athletes would perform without clothes on, and all women were forbidden to watch. Unlike Greece the Emperor of Rome closed all the gymnasiums in A.D. 393 (Gutman, 2-3, 5).Years later around 1800 a German man named Johann Frederich sand Muths developed a system of exercises that were based off the exercises that the Greeks used. He also added climbing, balance motilitys, and military drills. Muths also wrote the first real book on gymnastics (Gutman, 6).According to Gutman the true father of gymnastics was a German professor named Frederich Ludwig Jahn. He opened the first modern gymnasium around Berlin in 1811 and simulate it after the ancie... ...ragg, 22).The sixth and last event is the horizontal bar. It is eight feet long and hangs eight feet above the floor. Gymnasts perform skills similar to the skills that women perform on the uneven forbid (Brag g, 23).The second and less known type of gymnastics is rhythmic gymnastics. It is performed on same floor as artistic gymnastics and gymnasts show body movement and dance moves long with music. At the same time, they have to handle a small apparatus such as a rope, hoop, ball, clubs, or ribbon. The routines can also be performed in groups of five people performing simultaneously (World, 2).The sport of gymnastics is known to be demanding and it requires a great deal of determination and dedication. However, it is beseeming an increasingly popular sport. For thousands of years people have dedicated their lives to artistic and rhythmic gymnastics.

Odysseus: Heroes Essay -- essays research papers

Odysseus Heroes     A hero is a brave and strong person, who is also very human. A herofeels fear and every otherwise emotion that we do. A true hero is a person who doessomething great and does not expect to be given any thing in return. A herodoes something that effects a large number of people. A hero thinks more ofothers than he or she thinks of him or her self.     The characters in the poem, "Women", and The Odyssey atomic number 18 both epicalheroes. Odysseus is a strong and brave man, but I think he lacks one of themajor characteristics of a hero. I think he thinks of himself more than ofothers. I think the characters in the poem, "Women," are better heroes becausethey can be related to easier.     I dont think the poem characters are like an epic hero because they areless into them selves than an epic hero. They also seem to have done lesserthings, I mean epic heroes always do something so great, like strike twenty men on,or lead an army to victory. Everyday heroes seem to be more realistic and dosomething thats great, but its not written up in every news paper in thecountry.     Odysseus is a brave man that did great things. In The Odyssey heconquers a monster using smarts and strength. He also looks out for his crewmates. He is faithful to his wife, well, in his mind he is. He kills many menon his own in a battle at his home. He cries a coupl...